Presenting significant new research on the moral and religious philosophy of David Hume, this text illustrates the importance of intellectual context in understanding his work and career. Reappraising the work of John Locke, Francis Hutcheson, Hugo Grotius, Lord Shaftsbury, Bishop Butler, Thoomas Reid and Immanuel Kant, the book examines how Hume reacted to, and in turn affected, other thinkers whose views were bound up with specific philosophical, theological and scientific traditions and commitments. Including a facsimile reproduction of a new Hume manuscript on the problem of evil, this work sets out to bring Hume scholarship back into the mainstream of philosophical study.