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Creative Space summarizes and integrates the various up-to-date approaches of computational intelligence to knowledge and technology creation including the specific novel feature of utilizing the creative abilities of the human mind, such as tacit knowledge, emotions and instincts, and intuition. It analyzes several important approaches of this new paradigm such as the Shinayakana Systems Approach, the organizational knowledge creation theory, in particular SECI Spiral, and the Rational Theory o...

The use of trace elements to promote biogas production features prominently on the agenda for many biogas-producing companies. However, the application of the technique is often characterized by trial-and-error methodology due to the ambiguous and scarce basic knowledge on the impact of trace elements in anaerobic biotechnologies under different process conditions. This book describes and defines the broad landscape in the research area of trace elements in anaerobic biotechnologies, from the l...

Owing to climate change related uncertainties and anticipated population growth, different parts of the developing and the developed world (particularly urban areas) are experiencing water shortages or flooding and security of fit-for-purpose supplies is becoming a major issue. The emphasis on decentralized alternative water supply systems has increased considerably. Most of the information on such systems is either scattered or focuses on large scale reuse with little consideration given to dec...

Available as an eBook only. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs, nanosilver) are a frequently used nanomaterial with a wide range of industrial and consumer applications, including fiber coating, detergents, and hydrogels and plastics to prevent bacterial and fungal growth. Nanoparticles released from various nanotechnology-enhanced consumer products will inevitably enter our sewers and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This project evaluated how silver nanoparticles would affect wastewater treatme...

This book is a primer on the interplay between plasma and materials in a fusion reactor, so-called plasma-materials interactions (PMIs), highlighting materials and their influence on plasma through PMI. It aims to demonstrate that a plasma-facing surface (PFS) responds actively to fusion plasma and that the clarifying nature of PFS is indispensable to understanding the influence of PFS on plasma. It describes the modern insight into PMI, namely, relevant feedback to plasma performance from plasm...

Granular-media filtered secondary effluent from a full-scale plant was subsequently treated at pilot-plant scale by combinations of low- and high pressure membranes. The feedwater was split between microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) treatment trains; ferric chloride (4 mg/L) was added to the UF feedwater. Filtrate from each of these trains became the feedwater to three different types of high-pressure membranes operating in parallel, two reverse osmosis (RO) units and one nanofiltrati...

The Water Environment Research Foundation sponsored a one-year study quantifying the effect of certain wastewater characteristics and their variability on the performance of primary clarifiers. Eight municipal agencies participated and tested eleven different primary clarifiers. Several different tests were conducted to quantify the magnitude and variance of the following factors, all characteristics of the wastewater being treated, believed to affect primary clarifier performance: the nonsettle...