Appeals to emotion-pity, fear, popular sentiment, and ad hominem attacks-are commonly used in argumentation. Instead of dismissing these appeals as fallacious wherever they occur, as many do, Walton urges that each use be judged on its merits. He distinguished three main categories of evaluation.
First, is it reasonable, even if not conclusive, as an argument?
Second, is it weak and therefore open to critical questioning for argument? And third, is it fallacious?
The third category is a strong charge that incurs a critical burden to back it up by citing evidence from the given text and context of dialogue.
Walton uses fifty-six case studies to demonstrate that the problem of emotional fallacies is much subtler than has been previously believed. Ranging over commercial advertisements, political debates, union-management negotiations, and ethical disputes, the case studies reveal that these four types of appeals, while based on presumptive reasoning that are tentative and subject to default, are not always or necessarily fallacious types of argumentation.
- ISBN10 0271008334
- ISBN13 9780271008332
- Publish Date 18 September 1992 (first published 15 September 1992)
- Publish Status Out of Print
- Out of Print 22 January 2021
- Publish Country US
- Imprint Pennsylvania State University Press
- Format Hardcover
- Pages 312
- Language English