Howard R. Waters is Professor Emeritus at the Department of Actuarial Mathematics and Statistics at Heriot-Watt University. He holds a D.Phil. in mathematics from the University of Oxford, and worked as a consulting actuary for several years before joining Heriot-Watt University. He is a Fellow of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries. He was awarded the Finlaison medal of the Institute of Actuaries in 2006 for services to actuarial research and education.