Jacques S. Gansler is the author of the influential books The Defense Industry, Affording Defense, and Defense Conversion: Transforming the Arsenal of Democracy, all published by the MIT Press. He is currently Professor and Roger C. Lipitz Chair in Public Policy and Private Enterprise in the School of Public Policy and Director of the Sloan Center Biotechnology Industry Center at the University of Maryland. He was Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics from 1997 to 2001.