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Gramicidin is a 15-residue, linear polypeptide antibiotic that forms conducting channels in lipid bilayers. These channels have been studied intensively for more than 25 years as model transport systems for large protein ion channels, high-resolution structural information on which is difficult to glean. The recent availability of high resolution structural data on gramicidin allows an interpretation of ion translocation through a channel at a molecular level. This book brings together an international and interdisciplinary group of experts whose work is focused on the gramicidin ion channel and on related ion channel peptides and proteins. It covers crystallographic, spectroscopic, electrophysiological and computational studies, and comparisons between insights derived from studies on gramicidin and on larger systems.