This publication attempts to convey the huge potential of bio-anthropology in the study of ancient civilizations. It is based on the papers presented at an international colloquium in 1990 by over 20 experts in the field. The papers cover a wide range of topics, some of which involve completely new research areas, such as: Egyptian medicine and the evidence for the existence of certain diseases in antiquity; the analyses of skeletal populations from different parts of the Nile Valley, the extraction of DNA from mummified tissue and from bone; the results of various archaeobotanical and archaeozoological field projects. W. Vivian Davies is the author of "Egyptian Hieroglyphs", and Volume VII of the "Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities in the British Museum".