This book presents a novel multilevel full-chip router, namely mSIGMA for SIGnal-integrity and MAnufacturability optimization. These routing technologies will ensure faster time-to-market and time-to-profitability. The book includes a detailed description on the modern VLSI routing problems, and multilevel optimization on routing design to solve the chip complexity problem.


The 802.11n wireless standard uses 64-state quadrature amplitude modulation (64-QAM) to achieve higher spectral efficiency. Consequently, the transmitter and receiver require a higher signal to noise ratio with the same level of error rate performance. This book offers a fully-analog compensation technique without baseband circuitry to control the calibration process. Using an 802.11g transceiver design as an example, it describes in detail an auto-calibration mechanism for I/Q gains and phases imbalance.