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Eine Gesellschaft als Rechtsform fur ein Unternehmen wird immer dann verwendet, wenn mehrere Personen gemeinschaftlich durch Einsatz ihrer Arbeitskraft und/oder ihres Kapitals unternehmerisch tatig werden. Die Rechtsform der Gesellschaft, insbesondere der Kapitalgesellschaft, hat den Vorteil, dass die Haftung auf bestimmte Kapitalbetrage beschrankt werden kann und damit das Risiko des unternehmerischen Engagements kalkulierbar wird. Der Wunsch der Beschrankung der Haftung macht die Organisation...

Die Schweiz ist durch ihre Steuerpolitik und ihren nationalen fiskalischen Wettbewerb ein Spiegelbild des globalen Steuerwettbewerbs in einer minimierten Form. Mit knapp 3000 Gemeinden, 26 Kantonen und dem Bund gibt es drei unterschiedliche Hoheitstrager, welche die Kompetenz besitzen, Steuern zu erheben. Die Gemeinden, aber vor allem die Kantone, stehen dabei in einem Steuerwettbewerb. Wie das Buch zeigt, funktioniert dieses System des fiskalischen Foederalismus, auch weil es Kontrollfunktionen...

This book provides a multidisciplinary and comparative look at the contemporary phenomenon of conscientious objection or contestation in the name of religion and examines the key issues that emerge in terms of citizenship and democracy. These are analysed by looking at the different ways of challenging or contesting a legal obligation on the grounds of religious beliefs and convictions.The authors focus on the meaning of conscientious objection which asserts the legitimacy of convictions – in pa...

The decade after 11 September 2001 saw the enactment of counter-terrorism laws around the world. These laws challenged assumptions about public institutions, human rights and constitutional law. Those challenges are particularly apparent in the context of the increased surveillance powers granted to many law enforcement and intelligence agencies. This book brings together leading legal scholars in the field of counter-terrorism and constitutional law, and focuses their attention on the issue of...

This collection examines case-based reasoning in constitutional adjudication, that is, how courts decide on constitutional cases by referring to their own prior case law and the case law of other national, foreign and international courts. Argumentation based on judicial authority is now fundamental to the resolution of constitutional disputes. At the same time, it is the most common form of reasoning used by courts. This volume shows not only the strengths and weaknesses of such argumentation,...

Legal pluralism involves the coexistence of multiple forms of law. This includes state law, international law, transnational law, customary law, religious law, indigenous law, and the law of distinct ethnic or cultural communities. Legal pluralism is a subject of discussion today in legal anthropology, legal sociology, legal history, comparative law, international law, transnational law, jurisprudence, and law and development scholarship. This book places legal pluralism in historical contex...

This book makes a significant contribution to the ongoing global conversations on the various understandings of equality. It illuminates the many ways in which diverse equality guarantees clash, or are interrelated. It also sets out principled approaches on how they can be coherently interpreted to address the myriad inequalities in Kenya. Taking a comparative approach, the book considers how other jurisdictions including the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, South Africa, India and Botswa...

The book puts forward an authenticity-centred approach to the design of materials for language learning. The premise of the approach is that language learning should be based on authentic materials drawn from a variety of genres found in the target language culture, and that the learning tasks involving these materials should be correspondingly authentic, by entailing interactions that are consistent with the original communicative purpose of the authentic text. It provides both a theoretical gr...

In recent years, China, the US, and the EU and its Member States have either promulgated new national laws and regulations or drastically revised existing ones to exert more rigorous government control over inward foreign direct investment (FDI). Such government control pertains to the establishment of an ex-ante review regime of FDI in the host state in sectors that are considered as ‘sensitive’ or ‘strategic’, with an aim to mitigate the security-related implications. This book conducts a syst...

This book examines the legal conundrum of reconciling international human rights law in a Muslim majority country and identifies a trajectory for negotiating the protection of religious minorities within Islam. The work explores the history of religious minorities within Islam in Indonesia, which contains the world's largest Muslim population, as well as the present-day ways by which the government may address issues through reconciling international human rights law and Islamic law. Given the...

In the wake of the Charlie Gard and Alfie Evans cases, a wide-ranging international conversation was started regarding alternative thresholds for intervention and the different balances that can be made in weighing up the rights and interests of the child, the parent's rights and responsibilities and the role of medical professionals and the courts. This collection provides a comparative perspective on these issues by bringing together analysis from a range of jurisdictions across Europe, North...

Die Welt der Verbraucher hat in den letzten Jahren infolge der Kommerzialisierung des Internets einen grundsatzlichen Wandel erfahren - und mit ihr der Verbraucher selbst. Obgleich das Internet den Binnenmarkt fur Verbraucher entscheidend oeffnet, indem es einen umfassenden UEberblick uber das auf dem gemeinsamen Markt angebotene Waren- und Dienstleistungsspektrum erlaubt, stagniert der grenzuberschreitende Internethandel in der EU auf niedrigem Niveau. Nach Ansicht der Europaischen Kommission i...

Vehement resentment and indignation are pervasive in societies emerging from dictatorship or civil conflict. How can institutions channel these emotions without undermining the prospects for democracy? Emphasizing the need to recognize and constructively engage negative public emotions, Mihaela Mihai contributes theoretically and practically to the growing field of transitional justice. Drawing on an extensive philosophical literature and case studies of democratic transitions in South Africa, S...

Contingency planning and resilience are of prime importance to the late modern risk society, with implications for law and for governance arrangements. Our risk society continues to seek ever more complex and detailed risk mitigation responses by law, including the UK's Civil Contingencies Act 2004 and the US Homeland Security Act 2002, which respond to counter-terrorism, natural catastrophes, and other risks. This book seeks to analyse and criticise the legal developments in contingencies and...

International Law in the U.S. Legal System provides a wide-ranging overview of how international law intersects with the domestic legal system of the United States, and points out various unresolved issues and areas of controversy. Curtis Bradley explains the structure of the U.S. legal system and the various separation of powers and federalism considerations implicated by this structure, especially as these considerations relate to the conduct of foreign affairs. Against this backdrop, he cove...

Die Entscheidung des Bundesgerichtshofs zur PID veranlasste den Gesetzgeber dazu, 2011 das ESchG zu novellieren. Die Durchfuhrung einer PID ist nunmehr unter eingeschrankten Voraussetzungen erlaubt. Diese Arbeit versucht die im Bundestag zuvor diskutierten Gesetzesentwurfe aus juristischer sowie medizinischer Sicht genauer zu beleuchten und einen analytischen Ausblick auf die weitere Entwicklung der PID in Deutschland zu werfen. Zudem soll auch die embryonale Stammzellforschung naher untersucht...

This volume unpacks the multidimensional realities of political violence, and how these crimes are dealt with throughout the US judicial system, using a mixed methods approach. The work seeks to challenge the often-noted problems with mainstream terrorism research, namely an overreliance on secondary sources, a scarcity of data-driven analyses, and a tendency for authors not to work collaboratively. This volume inverts these challenges, situating itself within primary-source materials, empiric...

Focusing on systemic risks caused by climate change, this book examines how these risks can be effectively regulated to ensure resilience and avoid catastrophe. Systemic risks are risks that threaten the systems upon which society depends, including ecosystems, social systems, financial systems, and systems of infrastructure. Such risks are typically characterised by inherent complexity, profound uncertainty, and overwhelming ambiguity. In combination, these features pose significant regulatory...

First Published in 1990. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

China's labor landscape is changing, and it is transforming the global economy in ways that we cannot afford to ignore. Once-silent workers have found their voice, organizing momentous protests, such as the 2010 Honda strikes, and demanding a better deal. China's leaders have responded not only with repression but with reforms. Are China's workers on the verge of a breakthrough in industrial relations and labor law reminiscent of the American New Deal?In A New Deal for China's Workers? Cynthia E...