Joseph V. Spadaro is Research Professor at the Basque Centre for Climate Change, Bilbao, Spain where he works on low carbon planning strategies, and climate change and health vulnerability. He is also Environmental Systems Engineer at Argonne National Labs, Decision and Information Sciences Division, USA, working on environmental impact assessment of energy technologies. He has been a member of the core team of principal investigators in the ExternE Project series (European Commission, DG Research) since the mid-1990s, and has acted as expert consultant for international organizations, national governments and private industry in projects related to impacts and costs of pollution.